סילבוס לקורס: ממשקים בין הלשוני לחוץ-לשוני Linguistic/extrali8nguistic interfaces פרוסמינר שם המרצה: מירה אריאל 2 2017/18 קורס מס': 0627.2220 שנת לימודים: סמסטר: 1 היקף שעות: לתואר: ב.א השיעורים יתקיימו בימי ג' 18-20 שעת קבלה: ווב 406, ימי ה' 15-16, לפי קביעה מראש טלפון: 6405021 דוא"ל: mariel@post.tau.ac.il שם המתרגל: )אופציונלי( התרגילים יתקיימו: )יום, שעה -אופציונלי( דרישות קדם ודרישות נוספות: מבוא לפרגמטיקה ו/או יסודות הסמנטיקה הפורמלית חומר קריאה חובה: 1. Ariel (2008: Ch. 4 ) 2. Deutscher (2005: Ch. 7) 3. Levinson (2001) 4. Miura (1993) (downloadable) 5. Boroditsky (2003) חומר קריאה רשות: כמה שיותר )לפי הביבליוגרפיה( תיאור הקורס הקורס בוחן את היחסים המורכבים בין מובנים דקדוקיים/לקסיקליים לבין מובנים שמקורם חיצוני ללשון. נבחין בין מובנים לשוניים ו-: )1( המושגים האד-הוקיים שאותם מציגה הדוברת לשיח, מושגים הנגזרים בהיסק מן ההקשר; )2( מובנים נגזרים )אלה המכונים לא מילוליים(; )3( אימפליקטורות שיחתיות; )4( מושגים קוגניטיביים. נבדק את היחסים המורכבים בין מובנים לשוניים וכל אחד מה- 4 לעיל. שאלות רלבנטיות שיידונו: אילו מן המובנים לעיל תורמים לאינטרפרטציה של תנאי האמת הרלוונטיים למשפט? אילו הינם אוניברסליים? איך ניתן להסביר את מובנים )1(, )2(, )3( מן המובנים הלשוניים? עד כמה הניסויים החדשים משכנעים בתמיכה שהם מעניקים לטענה שיצוג )4( מוטה על ידי הלשון )הספציפית(? האם אנו יכולים להסביר סמנטיסיזציה )יצירתם של מובנים לשוניים חדשים( כקונוונציונליזציה של )1(, )2(, ו- )3(? תיאוריות בולטות בהן נדון הנן תיאוריות של היסקים פרגמטיים, תיאוריות פסיכובלשניות לגבי שפה )לא(מילולית, תיאוריות של גרמטיזציה, והצעות חדישות לגבי הקשר בין שפה וקוגניציה.
דרישות הקורס הנוכחות בשעורים חובה, ופוטרת מן הבחינה הסופית. על הסטודנטים לקרא לפחות את פרטי חובת הקריאה ולהגיש את 3 המטלות. בשעור האחרון תתקיים בחינת עובר/נכשל על פריטי הקריאה. סטודנטים שהחסירו 3 פגישות ומעלה יגשו בנוסף לבחינה סופית )עובר/נכשל( על כל חומרי הלימוד. בהנחה שהסטודנט/ית עברה את הבחינה/ות הנדרשות הציון הסופי יקבע על פי ממוצע ציוני המטלות. הציון יועלה במידה שהסטודנט/ית תרמה תרומה משמעותית ועקבית לדיונים הכתתיים. תכנית השיעורים : מס' השיעור תאריך נושא השיעור קריאה נדרשת הערות תיאוריית 1 המודולריות: מערכות קלט לעומת המערכת המרכזית מובנים מילוליים 2 ולא מילוליים קודים לשוניים 3 לעומת היסקים חוץ-לשוניים המובן המועבר: 4 אירוניה 'מה שנאמר' 5 אקספליקטורה האם השפה אריאל 4; דויטשר 6 שרירותית? 7 השפה והמציאות 7
השפה והקוגניציה: שאלת המולדות השפה והקוגניציה: שאלת האוניברסליות האם השפה יכולה להשפיע על הקוגניציה? איך הופך היסק לקוד? אקספליקטורות, המובן המועבר הנחות רקע? לוינסון מיורה; בורודיצקי 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 הערה: סדר השיעורים לפי תאריך הוא אופציונלי ונתון לשינויים בהתאם להתקדמות בכיתה. ביבליוגרפיה Ariel, Mira. 1998. Discourse markers and form-function correlations. In Andreas H. Jucker and Yael Ziv, eds., Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series 57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 223 259. Ariel, Mira. 1999. Mapping so-called 'pragmatic' phenomena according to a 'linguisticextralinguistic' distinction: The case of propositions marked 'accessible'. In Michael Darnell, Edith A. Moravcsik, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Michael Noonan and Kathleen M. Wheatley, eds., Functionalism and formalism in linguistics, vol. II: Case studies (Studies in Language Companion Series 41). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 11 38. Ariel, Mira. 2002. The demise of a unique concept of literal meaning. Journal of Pragmatics 34:361 402. Ariel, Mira. 2008. Pragmatics and grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bach, Kent. 1994. Conversational impliciture. Mind and Language 9:124 162. Boroditsky, Lera. 2001. Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive psychology 43:1 22.
Boroditsky, Lera, Lauren A Schmidt and Webb Phillips. 2003. Sex, syntax, and semantics. In Dedre Gentner and Susan Goldin-Meadow, eds., Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61 79. Bowerman, Melissa and Soonja Choi. 2001. Shaping meanings for language: Universal and language-specific in the acquisition of spatial semantic catetgories. In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen C. Levinson, eds., Language acquisition and conceptual development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 475 511. Brown, Cecil H. 2005. Finger and hand. In Martin Haspelmath, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil and Bernard Comrie, eds., The World Atlas of Language Structures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 526 529. Carey, Susan. 2001. Whorf versus continuity theorists: Bringing data to bear on the debate. In development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 185 214. Carston, Robyn. 2002. Thoughts and utterances: The pragmatics of explicit communication. Oxford: Blackwell. Deutscher, Guy. 2005. The unfolding of language. London: William Heinemann. Dowty, David R. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67:547 619. Du Bois, John W. 2003. Argument structure: Grammar in use. In John W. Du Bois, Lorraine E. Kumpf and William J. Ashby, eds., Preferred argument structure: Grammar as architecture for function. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 11 60. Du Bois, John W. Forthcoming. Events and argument structure. MS., UC Santa Barbara. Fodor, Jerry A. 1983. The modularity of mind. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Foley, William. 1997. Anthropological linguistics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. Gentner, Dedre and Lera Boroditsky. 2001. Individuation, relativity, and early word learning. In development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 215 256. Gil, David. 2010. Riau Indonesian: A language without nouns and verbs. Gilbert, Aubrey L, Terry Regier, Paul Kay and Richard B Ivry. 2006. Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left. PNAS 103:489 494. Giora, Rachel. 2003. On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language. New York: Oxford University Press. Giora, Rachel and Ofer Fein. 1999. Irony: Context and salience. Metaphor and Symbol 14:241 257. Gleitman, Lila R. and Anna Papafragou. 2005. Language and thought. In Keith J. Holyoak and Robert G. Morrison, eds., The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge Univerity Press, 633 661. Kay, Paul and Willett Kempton. 1984. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? American Anthropologist 86:65 79. Kay, Paul and Terry Regier. 2007. Color naming universals: The case of Berinmo. Cognition 102:289-298. Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 2005. Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levinson, Stephen C. 2000. Yélî Dnye and the theory of basic color terms. Journal of linguistic anthropology 10:3-55. Levinson, Stephen C. 2001. Covariation between spatial language and cognition, and its implications for language learning. In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen C. Levinson, eds.,
Language acquisition and conceptual development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 566 588. Levinson, Stephen C. 2003. Space in Language and cognition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levinson, Stephen C. 2008. Landscape, seascape and the ontology of places on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea. Language Sciences 30:256-290. Lucy, John A. and and Suzanne Gaskins. 2001. Grammatical categories and the development of classification preferences: A comparative approach. In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen C. Levinson, eds., Language acquisition and conceptual development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 257 283. Miura, Irene T, Yukari Okamoto, Chungsoon C Kim, Marcia Steere and Michael Fayol. 1993. First graders' cognitive representation of number and understanding of place value: Crossnational comparisons -- France, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the United States. Journal of Educational Psychology 85:24 30. Núñez, Rafael E and Eve Sweetser. 2005. Aymara, where the future is behind you: Convergent evidence from language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive science. Polak, Frank H. 2006. Linguistic and stylistic aspects of epic formulae in ancient Semitic poetry and Biblical narrative. In Steven E Fassberg and Avi Hurvitz, eds., Biblical Hebrew in its Northwest Semitic setting: Typological and historical perspectives. Jerusalem and Winona Lake, Indiana: Hebrew University Magnes Press and Eisenbrauns, 285 304. Rappaport Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin. 1998. Building verb meanings. In Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, eds., The projection of arguments: Lexical and compositional factors. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 97 134. Recanati, François. 1989. The pragmatics of what is said. Mind and Language 4:295 328. (Reprinted in Davis ed., 97 120. ). Roberson, Debi, Ian Davies and Jules Davidoff. 2000. Color categories are not universal: Replications and new evidence from a stone-age culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129:369 398. Rosch, Eleanor. 1974. Linguistic relativity. In Albert Silverstein, ed., Human Communication: Theoretical explorations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 95 121. Slobin, Dan I. 1996. From "thought and language" to "thinking for speaking". In John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson, eds., Rethinking linguistic relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 70 96. Smith, Linda B. 2001. How domain-general processes may create domain-specific biases. In development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 101 131. Stanley, Jason. 2000. Context and logical form. Linguistics and Philosophy 23:391 434. Swinney, David A. 1979. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18:645 659. Talmy, Leonard. 1985. Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In Timothy Shopen, ed., Language typology and syntactic description, vol. 3: Grammatical categories and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 36 149. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Bernd Heine. 1991. Approaches to grammaticalization, vol. 1: Focus on theoretical and methodological issues; vol. 2: Focus on types of grammatical markers (Typological Studies in Language 19:1, 19:2). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Language thought and reality. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Wilson, Deirdre. 2005. New directions for research on pragmatics and modularity. Lingua 115:1129 1146.
Course syllabus: Linguistic/extralinguistic interfaces ממשקים בין הלשוני לחוץ-לשוני Proseminar Mira Ariel Course no.: 0627.2220 academic year: 2017/18 semester: 1 number of hours: 2 degree: BA Class will be held on: Tuesday 18-20 Reception hours: Webb 406, Thursday 15-16, by appointment Telephone: 6405021 E-mail address: mariel@post.tau.ac.il Name of teaching assistant (optional): Course prerequisites (if any): Introduction to pragmatics and/or Foundations of formal semantics Obligatory reading material: Ariel 2008: Chapter 4 Deutscher Chapter 7 Levinson 2001 (Chapter 19 in Bowerman and levinson) Miura (1993) Boroditsky (2003) Optional reading: The more the better (see the bibliography) Course Description This course examines the complex relations between grammatical/lexical meanings and meanings which originate outside of language. We distinguish between linguistic meanings and: (1) the ad hoc context-induced narrowed down concepts they actually introduce into discourse; (2) derived (so-called non-literal) meanings; (3) conversational implicatures; (4) cognitive concepts. We examine the complex relations obtaining between linguistic meanings and each of the above. Relevant questions addressed: Which of the above meanings contribute to the truth-conditional interpretation of the sentence? Which are universal? How can we account for the derivation of (1), (2) and (3) from linguistic meaning? How convincing are current experiments testifying to language-specific biases in the development of (4)? Can we explain semanticization (the creation of new linguistic meanings) as the conventionalization of (1), (2), or (3)? Prominent theories to be discussed are pragmatic inferencing theories, psycholinguistic theories about literal/nonliteral language, theories of grammaticization, and current proposals about language and cognition. Course Requirements Attendance is mandatory, and exempts students from the final exam. Students read all the obligatory reading materials and submit 3 assignments. There will be a pass/fail test on the readings during the last class meeting. Students who missed 3 or more meetings will in addition take a pass/fail final exam, which will cover all class and reading meaterials. Provided the student has passed the required exam(s), the grade will be determined based on the average of the grades on the 3 submitted assignments. Extra points will be added for exceptional contribution to class discussions. Course Outline 1. Introduction: Drawing linguistic/extralinguistic divisions of labor a. Modularity theory: Input systems versus central systems ((Fodor, 1983): Part III*), (Wilson, 2005)
b. Literal versus nonliteral meanings (Ariel, 2002)* c. Linguistic codes versus extralinguistic inferences (Ariel, 1998, Ariel, 1999)* (Swinney, 1979)* 2. Synchronic interfaces: Combining the linguistic with the extralinguistic a. Conveyed meaning: Irony (Giora and Fein, 1999)* b. 'What is said'/explicature (Recanati, 1989), (Bach, 1994), (Carston, 2002, Stanley, 2000), (Ariel, 2008: 7.1-7.6), (Giora, 2003)) 3. Language system interfaces: Mutual constraining between the linguistic and the extralinguistic a. Is language arbitrary? (Ariel, 2008: Chapter 4), (Deutscher, 2005: chapter 7) b. Language and reality ((Dowty, 1991), (Rappaport Hovav and Levin, 1998), (Levin and Rappaport Hovav, 2005), (Du Bois, 2003), (Du Bois, Forthcoming), (Polak), (Levinson, 2008). c. Language and cognition: The innateness question ((Smith, 2001)* (Carey, 2001) (Gentner and Boroditsky, 2001),* (Bowerman and Choi, 2001)* (Levinson, 2001), (Brown, 2005); (Gil, 2010) d. Language and cognition: The universality question (Rosch, 1974)* (Roberson et al., 2000), (Foley, 1997), (Levinson, 2000), (Núñez and Sweetser, 2005)*, (Talmy, 1985). e. Can Language affect cognition? (Slobin, 1996, Whorf, 1956), (Miura et al., 1993), (Lucy and Gaskins, 2001)*, (Boroditsky, 2001), (Boroditsky et al., 2003), (Gleitman and Papafragou, 2005), (Levinson, 2003)*, (Kay and Regier, 2007), (Gilbert et al., 2006, Kay and Kempton, 1984). 4. The diachronic interface: Turning the extralinguistic into linguistic a. How does inference turn into code? (Ariel, 2008: Ch. 5) b. Explicatures, conveyed meanings, background assumptions? (Traugott and Heine, 1991)*; (Ariel, 2008: Ch. 7.7+ Ch. 6). Schedule Lesson Date Topic Required Reading Comments 1. Modularity theory: Input systems versus central systems 2. Literal versus nonliteral meanings 3. Linguistic codes versus extralinguistic inferences 4. Conveyed meaning: Irony 5. 'What is said'/explicature 6. Is language arbitrary? Ariel 4; Deutscher 7 7. Language and reality 8. Language and cognition: Levinson The innateness question 9. Language and cognition: The universality question 10. Can Language affect Miura;
cognition? 11. How does inference turn into code? 12. Explicatures, conveyed meanings, background assumptions? Boroditsky Note: This schedule is tentative and may change as the course progresses. Bibliography Ariel, Mira. 1998. Discourse markers and form-function correlations. In Andreas H. Jucker and Yael Ziv, eds., Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series 57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 223 259. Ariel, Mira. 1999. Mapping so-called 'pragmatic' phenomena according to a 'linguisticextralinguistic' distinction: The case of propositions marked 'accessible'. In Michael Darnell, Edith A. Moravcsik, Frederick J. Newmeyer, Michael Noonan and Kathleen M. Wheatley, eds., Functionalism and formalism in linguistics, vol. II: Case studies (Studies in Language Companion Series 41). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 11 38. Ariel, Mira. 2002. The demise of a unique concept of literal meaning. Journal of Pragmatics 34:361 402. Ariel, Mira. 2008. Pragmatics and grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bach, Kent. 1994. Conversational impliciture. Mind and Language 9:124 162. Boroditsky, Lera. 2001. Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive psychology 43:1 22. Boroditsky, Lera, Lauren A Schmidt and Webb Phillips. 2003. Sex, syntax, and semantics. In Dedre Gentner and Susan Goldin-Meadow, eds., Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61 79. Bowerman, Melissa and Soonja Choi. 2001. Shaping meanings for language: Universal and language-specific in the acquisition of spatial semantic catetgories. In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen C. Levinson, eds., Language acquisition and conceptual development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 475 511. Brown, Cecil H. 2005. Finger and hand. In Martin Haspelmath, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil and Bernard Comrie, eds., The World Atlas of Language Structures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 526 529. Carey, Susan. 2001. Whorf versus continuity theorists: Bringing data to bear on the debate. In development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 185 214. Carston, Robyn. 2002. Thoughts and utterances: The pragmatics of explicit communication. Oxford: Blackwell. Deutscher, Guy. 2005. The unfolding of language. London: William Heinemann. Dowty, David R. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67:547 619.
Du Bois, John W. 2003. Argument structure: Grammar in use. In John W. Du Bois, Lorraine E. Kumpf and William J. Ashby, eds., Preferred argument structure: Grammar as architecture for function. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 11 60. Du Bois, John W. Forthcoming. Events and argument structure. MS., UC Santa Barbara. Fodor, Jerry A. 1983. The modularity of mind. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Foley, William. 1997. Anthropological linguistics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. Gentner, Dedre and Lera Boroditsky. 2001. Individuation, relativity, and early word learning. In development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 215 256. Gil, David. 2010. Riau Indonesian: A language without nouns and verbs. Gilbert, Aubrey L, Terry Regier, Paul Kay and Richard B Ivry. 2006. Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left. PNAS 103:489 494. Giora, Rachel. 2003. On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language. New York: Oxford University Press. Giora, Rachel and Ofer Fein. 1999. Irony: Context and salience. Metaphor and Symbol 14:241 257. Gleitman, Lila R. and Anna Papafragou. 2005. Language and thought. In Keith J. Holyoak and Robert G. Morrison, eds., The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge Univerity Press, 633 661. Kay, Paul and Willett Kempton. 1984. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? American Anthropologist 86:65 79. Kay, Paul and Terry Regier. 2007. Color naming universals: The case of Berinmo. Cognition 102:289-298. Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 2005. Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levinson, Stephen C. 2000. Yélî Dnye and the theory of basic color terms. Journal of linguistic anthropology 10:3-55. Levinson, Stephen C. 2001. Covariation between spatial language and cognition, and its implications for language learning. In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen C. Levinson, eds., Language acquisition and conceptual development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 566 588. Levinson, Stephen C. 2003. Space in Language and cognition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levinson, Stephen C. 2008. Landscape, seascape and the ontology of places on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea. Language Sciences 30:256-290. Lucy, John A. and and Suzanne Gaskins. 2001. Grammatical categories and the development of classification preferences: A comparative approach. In Melissa Bowerman and Stephen C. Levinson, eds., Language acquisition and conceptual development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 257 283. Miura, Irene T, Yukari Okamoto, Chungsoon C Kim, Marcia Steere and Michael Fayol. 1993. First graders' cognitive representation of number and understanding of place value: Crossnational comparisons -- France, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the United States. Journal of Educational Psychology 85:24 30. Núñez, Rafael E and Eve Sweetser. 2005. Aymara, where the future is behind you: Convergent evidence from language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive science.
Polak, Frank H. 2006. Linguistic and stylistic aspects of epic formulae in ancient Semitic poetry and Biblical narrative. In Steven E Fassberg and Avi Hurvitz, eds., Biblical Hebrew in its Northwest Semitic setting: Typological and historical perspectives. Jerusalem and Winona Lake, Indiana: Hebrew University Magnes Press and Eisenbrauns, 285 304. Rappaport Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin. 1998. Building verb meanings. In Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, eds., The projection of arguments: Lexical and compositional factors. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 97 134. Recanati, François. 1989. The pragmatics of what is said. Mind and Language 4:295 328. (Reprinted in Davis ed., 97 120. ). Roberson, Debi, Ian Davies and Jules Davidoff. 2000. Color categories are not universal: Replications and new evidence from a stone-age culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129:369 398. Rosch, Eleanor. 1974. Linguistic relativity. In Albert Silverstein, ed., Human Communication: Theoretical explorations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 95 121. Slobin, Dan I. 1996. From "thought and language" to "thinking for speaking". In John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson, eds., Rethinking linguistic relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 70 96. Smith, Linda B. 2001. How domain-general processes may create domain-specific biases. In development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 101 131. Stanley, Jason. 2000. Context and logical form. Linguistics and Philosophy 23:391 434. Swinney, David A. 1979. Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18:645 659. Talmy, Leonard. 1985. Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In Timothy Shopen, ed., Language typology and syntactic description, vol. 3: Grammatical categories and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 36 149. Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Bernd Heine. 1991. Approaches to grammaticalization, vol. 1: Focus on theoretical and methodological issues; vol. 2: Focus on types of grammatical markers (Typological Studies in Language 19:1, 19:2). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Language thought and reality. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Wilson, Deirdre. 2005. New directions for research on pragmatics and modularity. Lingua 115:1129 1146.